Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). (2023, March). Guide to Patient and Family Engagement in Hospital Quality and Safety. Retrieved May 21, 2026 from https://www.ahrq.gov/patient-safety/patients-families/engagingfamilies/index.html.
Aghighi N, Aryankhesal A, Raeissi P, Najafpour Z. (2024). Frequency and influential factors on occurrence of medical errors: A three-year cross-sectional study. J Educ Health Promot. 2024 Jan 22;12:422. Retrieved May 18, 2026 from https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10920663/#sec1-1.
Dekeseredy P, Haggerty T, Sedney CL. (2024). "This is an absolute witch-hunt for nursing, and nobody feels safe." A qualitative study of nurses, mental health, and the criminal prosecution of a nurse error. PLOS Ment Health 1(7): e0000178. Retrieved June 4, 2026 from https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmen.0000178.
Earl TR, Katapodis ND, Schneiderman SR, et al. (2020). Reducing Adverse Drug Events in Older Adults. In: Making Healthcare Safer III: A Critical Analysis of Existing and Emerging Patient Safety Practices. Retrieved June 9, 2026 from https://www.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/wysiwyg/research/findings/making-healthcare-safer/mhs3/reducing-adverse-drug-1.pdf.
ECRI. (2026). Healthcare Practitioner Error Reporting. Retrieved May 18, 2026 from https://home.ecri.org/pages/ecri-ismp-error-reporting-system.
Hill L, Rao A, Artiga S, Ranji U. (2025). Racial Disparities in Maternal and Infant Health: Current Status and Key Issues. KFF. Retrieved June 4, 2026 from https://www.kff.org/racial-equity-and-health-policy/racial-disparities-in-maternal-and-infant-health-current-status-and-key-issues/.
Hunter MK, Singareddy C and Mundt KA. (2024). Framing diagnostic error: an epidemiological perspective. Front. Public Health 12:1479750. Retrieved May 19, 2026 from https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1479750/full.
Joint Commission and National Quality Forum (JC/NQF). (2026, May). Aligning Patient Safety Event Reporting: 2025 Updates to Sentinel Events and Serious Reportable Events. Washington, DC: NQF, January 2026 (Updated May 2026).
Joint Commission, The. (2025). Sentinel Event Data 2024 Annual Review. Retrieved May 24, 2026 from https://digitalassets.jointcommission.org/api/public/content/eac7511986c0442a9c1ae04b1aa02cc0?v=ad34daa0.
Khan S, Bradford A, Cifra CL, Singh H. (2025). Two decades of diagnostic safety research: advances, challenges, and next steps. Diagnosis (Berl). 2025 Oct 7;12(4):549-556. Retrieved June 2, 2026 from doi:10.1515/dx-2025-0124.
Liepelt S and Kirchhoff R. (2025). Hospital managers’ experiences of conducting a root cause analysis: a case study following a sentinel event. Front. Health Serv. 5:1566335. Retrieved May 19, 2026 from https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/health-services/articles/10.3389/frhs.2025.1566335/full.
Mishali M, Sheffer N and Negev M. (2025) Challenges and dynamics in reporting medical device incidents: a qualitative study. Front. Health Serv. 5:1720494. Retrieved May 24, 2026 from https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/health-services/articles/10.3389/frhs.2025.1720494/full.
National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention (NCCMERP). (2026). About Medication Errors. Retrieved May 18, 2026 from https://www.nccmerp.org/about-medication-errors.
National Quality Forum (NQF). (2026, January). Frequently Asked Questions: Alignment of Patient Safety Event Reporting Update. Retrieved May 25, 2026 from https://digitalassets.jointcommission.org/api/public/content/6a49c7da90794976811ca5210decd429?v=9cd9611d.
Office of the Inspector General (OIG). (2025). Hospitals Reported Few Captured Patient Harm Events to CMS and States. Retrieved June 5, 2026 from https://oig.hhs.gov/documents/evaluation/10842/OEI-06-18-00402.pdf.
Patel RH, Goldin J. (2026). Medical Error Prevention and Root Cause Analysis. In: StatPearls [Internet]; 2026 Jan-. Retrieved June 4, 2026 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK570638/.
Sanchez J D and Corvalan A. (2025). Medical Errors: Types, Causes, and Prevention Strategies. Preprints. Retrieved May 18, 2026 from https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202501.1990.v3.
Sarquis Rivera MA, Hernandez-Paez DA, Galván-Barrios J, et al. (2026). Exploring the potential impact of medical errors research on population health. PLoS One 21(3): e0340153. Retrieved May 24, 2026 from https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0340153.
Sliwinski K, Kutney-Lee A, McHugh MD, Lasater KB. (2024). A Review of Disparities in Outcomes of Hospitalized Patients with Limited English Proficiency: The Importance of Nursing Resources. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2024;35(1):359-374. Retrieved May 21, 2026 from https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11047028/.
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (USVA). (2025, October 2). VHA National Center for Patient Safety. Retrieved May 21, 2026 from https://www.patientsafety.va.gov/PATIENTSAFETY/professionals/onthejob/rca.asp.
Varela AJ, Gallamore MJ, Hansen NR and Martin DC. (2025). Patient empowerment: a critical evaluation and prescription for a foundational definition. Front. Psychol. 15:1473345. Retrieved June 5, 2026 from doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1473345.
Wade C, Malhotra AM, McGuire P, Vincent C, Fowler A. (2022). Action on patient safety can reduce health inequalities. BMJ. 2022 Mar 29;376:e067090. Retrieved June 2, 2026 from Doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-067090.
Ye J and Bronstein S. (2025). Using shared clinical decision support to reduce adverse drug events and improve patient safety. Front. Digit. Health 7:1703141. Retrieved May 27, 2026 from doi: 10.3389/fdgth.2025.1703141.
