Amutah C, Greenidge K, Mante A, et al. (2021). Misrepresenting Race—The Role of Medical Schools in Propagating Physician Bias. N Engl J Med 384;9. Retrieved July 25, 2025 from https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMms2025768.
Bloom S. (2016). Retrieved July 28, 2025 from https://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/programs_campaigns/childrens_mental_health/atc-whitepaper-040616.pdf.
Brendli KR, Broda MD, Brown R. (2022). Children With Intellectual Disability and Victimization: A Logistic Regression Analysis. Child Maltreat. 2022 Aug;27(3):320-324. Retrieved May 31, 2025 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8352999/.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).(2025). Developmental Disability Basics. Retrieved June 17, 2025 from https://www.cdc.gov/child-development/about/developmental-disability-basics.html.
Child Welfare Information Gateway (CWIG). (2020). Protective Factors Approaches in Child Welfare. Issues Brief. Retrieved July 28, 2025 from https://www.childwelfare.gov/resources/protective-factors-approaches-child-welfare/.
Child Welfare Information Gateway (CWIG). (2018). The Risk and Prevention of Maltreatment of Children with Disabilities. Bulletin for Professionals. Retrieved June 17, 2025 from https://cwig-prod-prod-drupal-s3fs-us-east-1.s3.amazonaws.com/public/documents/focus.pdf?VersionId=Vb1Wvg8LLyRdq7txiTGXVCh6vlWCoCas.
Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). (2025). Child Maltreatment 2023. Retrieved June 2, 2025 from https://acf.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cb/cm2023.pdf.
Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). (2023). Administration for Children and Families, Children’s Bureau. Child Maltreatment 2023. Retrieved July 28, 2025 from https://www.acf.hhs.gov/cb/data-research/child-maltreatment.
Dirks LG, Pratt W, Casanova-Perez R, et al. (2022). Battling Bias in Primary Care Encounters: Informatics Designs to Support Clinicians. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Extended Abstracts (CHI ’22 Extended Abstracts), April 29–May 05, 2022, New Orleans, LA, USA. ACM, New York, NY. Retrieved July 25, 2025 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9128862/.
Farrant T. (2024). British police launch first investigation into virtual rape in metaverse. In: EuroNews.com. Retrieved July 25, 2025 from https://www.euronews.com/next/2024/01/04/british-police-launch-first-investigation-into-virtual-rape-in-metaverse.
Featherston R, Downie LE, Vogel AP, Galvin KL. (2020). Decision making biases in the allied health professions: A systematic scoping review. PLoS ONE 15(10): e0240716. Retrieved July 25, 2025 from https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0240716.
FitzGerald C, Martin A, Berner D, et al. (2019). Interventions designed to reduce implicit prejudices and implicit stereotypes in real world contexts: a systematic review. BMC Psychol 7, 29. Retrieved July 25, 2025 from https://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40359-019-0299-7.
Geneviève LD, Martani A, Shaw D, et al. (2020). Structural racism in precision medicine: leaving no one behind. BMC Med Ethics 21, 17. Retrieved July 25, 2025 from https://bmcmedethics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12910-020-0457-8.
Global Health 50/50. (2020). The Global Health 50/50 Report 2020: Power, Privilege and Priorities. London, UK. Retrieved July 29, 2025 from https://globalhealth5050.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Power-Privilege-and-Priorities-2020-Global-Health-5050-Report.pdf.
Jonsson LS, Fredlund C, Priebe G, et al. (2019). Online sexual abuse of adolescents by a perpetrator met online: a cross-sectional study. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 13, 32 (2019). Retrieved July 25, 2025 from https://capmh.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13034-019-0292-1.
Krase K. (2024). Social workers as mandated reporters: What If I don't report? Part VIII. The New Social Worker. Retrieved July 25, 2025 from http://www.socialworker.com/feature-articles/practice/social-workers-as-mandated-reporters-what-if-i-dont-report/.
Legano LA, Desch LW, Messner SA, et al. (2021). Maltreatment of Children With Disabilities. Pediatrics, Volume 147, Issue 5. Retrieved June 17, 2025 from https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/147/5/e2021050920/180813/Maltreatment-of-Children-With-Disabilities.
Morinaga M, Ahlqvist VH, Lundberg M, et al. (2024). Changes in the prevalence of intellectual disability among 10-year-old children in Sweden during 2011 through 2021: a total population study. J Neurodevelop Disord 16, 58. Retrieved June 17, 2025 from https://doi.org/10.1186/s11689-024-09576-3.
Muramatsu N and Chin M. (2022). Battling Structural Racism Against Asians in the United States: Call for Public Health to Make the “Invisible” Visible. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice 28(Supplement 1):p S3-S8, January/February 2022. Retrieved July 25, 2025 from https://journals.lww.com/jphmp/fulltext/2022/01001/battling_structural_racism_against_asians_in_the.2.aspx.
Nápoles G, Grau I, Concepción L, et al. (2022). Modeling implicit bias with fuzzy cognitive maps. Neurocomputing Volume 481, 7 April 2022, Pages 33-45. Retrieved July 25, 2025 from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092523122200090X.
National Child Traumatic Stress Network, The. (NCTSN). (Nd). About Childhood Trauma. Retrieved July 28, 2025 from https://www.nctsn.org/what-is-child-trauma/trauma-types/complex-trauma.
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). (2021). About Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDDs). Retrieved June 14, 2025 from https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/idds/conditioninfo.
Navarro-Pérez JJ, Tomás JM, Georgieva S, et al. (2024). Profiles of Protective Factors among Children and Adolescents in the Child Welfare System. J Child Fam Stud 33, 715–725. Retrieved July 25, 2025 from https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-023-02740-8.
New York State Office of Children and Family Services (NYSOCFS). (2025). Child Protective Services Manual. Retrieved July 2, 2025 from https://ocfs.ny.gov/programs/cps/manual/.
New York State Office of Children and Family Services (NYSOCFS). (2024). Mandated Reporter Resource Center. Desk Aids. Retrieved July 28, 2025 from https://www.nysmandatedreporter.org/Resources.aspx.
New York State Office of Children and Family Services (NYSOCFS). (2024, May 2). Laws of New York. Social Services Law Article 6, Title 6 (411-428) Child Protective Services. Retrieved July 28, 2025 from https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/SOS/A6.
New York State Office of Children and Family Services (NYSOCFS). (2024, April). Summary Guide for Mandated Reporters in New York State. Retrieved August 6, 2025 from https://ocfs.ny.gov/publications/Pub1159/OCFS-Pub1159.pdf.
New York State Education Department (NYSED). (2024, October 9). Corporal Punishment. Retrieved August 6, 2025 from https://www.p12.nysed.gov/sss/ssae/schoolsafety/CorplPunish/CorporalPunishment.html.
New York State Office of Children and Family Services (NYSOCFS). (2016). Provisions of the Abandoned Infant Protection Act. Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved July 28, 2025 from https://ocfs.ny.gov/publications/OCFS-Pub4749.pdf.
New York State Senate. (2024, November 22). Section 413. Persons and officials required to report cases of suspected child abuse or maltreatment. Retrieved August 6, 2025 from https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/SOS/413.
Palusci VJ and Botash AS. (2021). Race and Bias in Child Maltreatment Diagnosis and Reporting. Pediatrics 148 (1): e2020049625. Retrieved July 25, 2025 from https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-049625.
Payne BK, Vuletich HA, Brown-Iannuzzi JL. (2019). Historical roots of implicit bias in slavery. PNAS. 116 (24). Retrieved July 25, 2025 from https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1818816116.
Santos PMG, Dee EC, Deville C. (2021). Confronting Anti-Asian Racism and Health Disparities in the Era of COVID-19. JAMA Health Forum. 2021;2(9):e212579. Retrieved July 25, 2025 from https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama-health-forum/fullarticle/2784490.
Scurich N. (2025). Maltreatment of children with disabilities in the United States. Journal of Public Child Welfare. Retrieved May 31, 2025 from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epub/10.1080/15548732.2025.2469168?needAccess=true.
Straw I, Tanczer L. (2023). Safeguarding patients from technology-facilitated abuse in clinical settings: A narrative review. PLoS Digit Health 2(1): e0000089. Retrieved July 25, 2025 from https://journals.plos.org/digitalhealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pdig.0000089.
van Ryn M, Hardeman R, Phelan SM, et al. (2015). Medical School Experiences Associated with Change in Implicit Racial Bias Among 3547 Students: A Medical Student CHANGES Study Report. J Gen Intern Med. 2015;30(12):1748-1756. Retrieved July 25, 2025 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4636581/.
Vi L, Jiwa MI, Lunsky Y, et al. (2023). A systematic review of intellectual and developmental disability curriculum in international pre-graduate health professional education. BMC Med Educ 23, 329. Retrieved May 31, 2025 from https://bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12909-023-04259-4.