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4. References

Barrick K & Pfeffer R. (2024). Labor Trafficking and Other Labor Abuse in Houston’s Construction Industry. OPRE Report No. 2024-305, WA, DC: Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. DHHS. Retrieved January 19, 2026, from https://acf.gov/sites/default/files/documents/opre/opre-HTPRAP-prevalence-factsheet-oct24.pdf.

Department of Homeland Security (DHS). (2025, June). Human Trafficking 101. Retrieved November 4, 2025, from https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/2025-06/25_0625_bc_human-trafficking-101-v02-508.pdf.

Department of Homeland Security (DHS). (2025, May 22). Human Trafficking Quick Facts. Retrieved November 4, 2025, from https://www.dhs.gov/human-trafficking-quick-facts.

Gomes I. (2020, February 20). Health care providers are missing chances to help victims of sex trafficking. Hopkins Bloomberg Public Health. Retrieved from https://www.michigan.gov/mdhhs/-/media/Project/Websites/mdhhs/Division-of-Victim-Services/HTAB/HT-Toolkit/Human-Trafficking-Response-Protocol-Toolkit_Final.pdf.

Hoogesteyn K and Taniguchi TA. (2024). Practices for Law Enforcement Interviews of Potential Human Trafficking Victims: a Scoping Review. National Institute of Justice. Retrieved November 4, 2025 from https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/309058.pdf.

Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (MDHHS). Human Trafficking Response Protocol: A Tool for Hospitals. (No date.) Retrieved from https://www.michigan.gov/mdhhs/-/media/Project/Websites/mdhhs/Division-of-Victim-Services/HTAB/HT-Toolkit/Human-Trafficking-Response-Protocol-Toolkit_Final.pdf?rev=97905539dca6465490b7a2d0b6943e7d&hash=D87AF96A871DBA8CF4E6197EEFB49E70.

Nkwanzi V, Bulamba RM, Okech D, et al. (2025). Adverse childhood experiences, re-trafficking vulnerability, and mental health outcomes among women survivors of human trafficking in Kampala, Uganda: A cross-sectional analysis. PLoS One 20(11). Retrieved January 19, 2026 from https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0334419.

Polaris Project. (n.d.). Typical trafficking patterns. Retrieved from https://polarisproject.org/telling-the-real-story-of-human-trafficking/typical-trafficking-patterns/.

U.S. Department of State (USDOS). (2025, January 20). Understanding Human Trafficking. Retrieved November 4, 2025, from https://www.state.gov/what-is-trafficking-in-persons.

U.S. Department of War (USDOW). (2025). Combating Traffic in Persons: Glossary. Retrieved November 4, 2025, from https://ctip.defense.gov/CTIP-Resources/Glossary/.