Abraham J, Hirt J, Kamm F, Möhler R. (2020). Interventions to reduce physical restraints in general hospital settings: A scoping review of components and characteristics. J Clin Nurs. 2020; 29: 3183–3200. Retrieved September 25, 2023 from https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15381.

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). (2018). Tool 3H: Morse Fall Scale for Identifying Fall Risk Factors. Retrieved October 18, 2023 from https://www.ahrq.gov/patient-safety/settings/hospital/fall-prevention/toolkit/morse-fall-scale.html.

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). (2017). The Falls Management Program: A Quality Improvement Initiative for Nursing Facilities. Retrieved September 21, 2023 from https://www.ahrq.gov/patient-safety/settings/long-term-care/resource/injuries/fallspx/man1.html.

Agens JE. (2010). Chemical and physical restraint use in the older person. BJMP 2010;3(1):302. Retrieved September 19, 2023 from http://www.bjmp.org/content/chemical-and-physical-restraint-use-older-person.

American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO). (2012). American Academy of Ophthalmology-Sponsored Research Shows Cataract Surgery Can Reduce Hip Fracture Risk. Retrieved September 26, 2023 from https://www.aao.org/newsroom/news-releases/detail/study-cataract-surgery-can-reduce-hip-fracture-ris.

Albert MV, Kording K, Herrmann M, Jayaraman A. (2012). Fall Classification by Machine Learning Using Mobile Phones. PLoS ONE 7(5): e36556. Retrieved September 19, 2023 from http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0036556.

Anderson RA, Corazzini K, Porter K, et al. (2012). CONNECT for quality: Protocol of a cluster randomized controlled trial to improve fall prevention in nursing homes. Implementation Science 2012, 7:11. Retrieved September 7, 2023 from http://www.implementationscience.com/content/7/1/11.

Bagala F, Becker C, Cappello A, et al. (2012). Evaluation of Accelerometer-Based Fall Detection Algorithms on Real-World Falls. PLoS ONE 7(5): e37062. Retrieved September 21, 2023 from http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0037062.

Blum L and Korner-Bitensky N. (2008). Usefulness of the Berg Balance Scale in Stroke Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review. Physical Therapy 88(5).

Brown CJ, Gottschalk M, Van Ness PH, Fortinsky RH, and Tinetti ME. (2005). Changes in Physical Therapy Providers’ Use of Fall Prevention Strategies Following a Multicomponent Behavioral Change Intervention. Physical Therapy 85(5):394–403. Retrieved October 2, 2023 from https://academic.oup.com/ptj/article/85/5/394/2805000?searchresult=1.

Burns ER, Kakara R, Moreland B. (2022). A CDC compendium of effective fall interventions: What works for community-dwelling older adults. 4th ed. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Retrieved September 19, 2023 from https://www.cdc.gov/falls/programs/compendium.html.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2023, September 6). Older Adult Falls Data. Retrieved September 13, 2023 from https://www.cdc.gov/falls/data/index.html. 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2016, September 20). Hip Fractures Among Older Adults. Retrieved September 13, 2023 from https://www.cdc.gov/falls/hip-fractures.html.

Champagne A, Prince F, Bouffard V, and Lafond D. (2012). Balance, falls-related self-efficacy, and psychological factors amongst older women with chronic low back pain: A preliminary case-control study. Rehabilitation Research and Practice. Volume 2012. Retrieved October 18, 2023 from http://www.hindawi.com/journals/rerp/2012/430374/.

Chou WC, Tinetti ME, King MB, et al. (2006). Perceptions of physicians on the barriers and facilitators to integrating fall risk evaluation and management into practice. J Gen Intern Med. 2006 February; 21(2): 117–122. Retrieved October 2, 2023 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1484650/.

Collerton J, Kingston A, Bond J, et al. (2012). The Personal and Health Service Impact of Falls in 85 Year Olds: Cross-Sectional Findings from the Newcastle 85+ Cohort Study. PLoS ONE 7(3): e33078. Retrieved September 22, 2023 from http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0033078.

Denfeld QE, Turrise S, MacLaughlin EJ, et al. (2022). Preventing and Managing Falls in Adults With Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, Vol 15, No. 6. Retrieved October 19, 2023 from https://doi.org/10.1161/HCQ.0000000000000108. 

Duncan PW, Weiner DK, Chandler J, Studenski S. (1990). Functional reach: A new clinical measure of balance. Journal of Gerontology 45: M192–M197. Retrieved September 26, 2023 from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2229941/.

Freiberger, E., Fabbietti, P., Corsonello, A. et al. (2022). Transient versus stable nature of fear of falling over 24 months in community-older persons with falls– data of the EU SCOPE project on Kidney function. BMC Geriatr 22, 698. Retrieved September 21, 2023 from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12877-022-03357-0.

Garnett MF, Weeks JD, Spencer MR. Unintentional fall deaths among adults aged 65 and over: United States, 2020. NCHS Data Brief, no 449. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2022. Retrieved September 21, 2023 from https://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:121836.

Granacher U, Muehlbauer T, Gruber M. (2012). A qualitative review of balance and strength performance in healthy older adults: Impact for testing and training. Journal of Aging Research, Article ID 708905. Retrieved September 26, 2023 from http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jar/2012/708905/.

Hartford Institute for Geriatric Nursing. (HIGN). (2012). Falls: Nursing Standard of Practice Protocol: Fall Prevention. Retrieved September 23, 2012 from http://consultgerirn.org/topics/falls/want_to_know_more.

Hicks C, Levinger P, Menant JC, et al. (2020). Reduced strength, poor balance and concern about falls mediate the relationship between knee pain and fall risk in older people. BMC Geriatr 20, 94. Retrieved September 26, 2023 from https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-1487-2.

Hill K. (2010). Improving quality and patient safety by retaining nursing expertise. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing 15(3). Retrieved October 18, 2023 from http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol152010/No3-Sept-2010/Articles-Previously-Topic/Improving-Quality-and-Patient-Safety-.html.

Horak FB, Wrisley DM, Frank J. (2009). The Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest) to differentiate balance deficits. Phys Ther. 89(5): 484–98. Retrieved October 18, 2023 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2676433/.

Inoue S, Otaka Y, Horimoto Y, et al. (2023). Discrepancies in perception of fall risk between patients with subacute stroke and physical therapists in a rehabilitation hospital: a retrospective cohort study. Frontiers in Aging. Retrieved September 21, 2023 from https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fragi.2023.1204488/full.

Joint Commission, The. (2015). Preventing falls and fall-related injuries in health care facilities. National Patient Safety Goals. Retrieved September 22, 2023 https://www.jointcommission.org/-/media/tjc/documents/resources/patient-safety-topics/sentinel-event/sea_55_falls_4_26_16.pdf.

Kristensen MT, Foss NB, Kehlet H. (2007). Timed “Up & Go” test as a predictor of falls within 6 months after hip fracture surgery. Physi Ther. 87(1): 24–30. Retrieved September 26, 2023 from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17142643/.

Lai CK. (2007). Nurses using physical restraints: Are the accused also the victims? A study using focus group interviews. BMC Nursing 6:5. Retrieved October 18, 2023 from http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6955/6/5.

Laing SS, Silver IF, York S, Phelan EA. (2011). Fall prevention knowledge, attitude, and practices of community stakeholders and older adults. Journal of Aging Research, Volume 2011, Article ID 395357. Retrieved October 18, 2023 from http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jar/2011/395357/.

Lake ET, Shang J, Klaus S, Dunton NE. (2010). Patient falls: Association with hospital magnet status and nursing unit staffing. Res Nurs Health 33(5):413–25. Retrieved October 7, 2012 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2974438/.

Ming Y, Zecevic A. (2018). Medications & Polypharmacy Influence on Recurrent Fallers in Community: a Systematic Review. Can Geriatr J. 2018 Mar 26;21(1):14-25. Retrieved September 28, 2023 from doi:10.5770/cgj.21.268.

Monson A, Almstrom L, Dunn K, Pryor A. (2011). Physical therapists‘ attitudes/beliefs and current practices regarding implementation of falls prevention strategies in older adults. Retrieved October 18, 2023 from http://soar.wichita.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10057/3600/GRASP_2011_48.pdf?sequence=1.

Montero-Odasso M, van der Velde N, Martin FC, et al. (2022). The Task Force on Global Guidelines for Falls in Older Adults. World guidelines for falls prevention and management for older adults: a global initiative, Age and Ageing, Volume 51, Issue 9, September 2022. Retrieved September 22, 2023 from https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afac205.

National Council on Aging. (NCOA). (2023). Center for Health Aging. About the Falls Free® Initiative. Retrieved October 18, 2023 from https://www.ncoa.org/article/about-the-falls-free-initiative.

National Prevention Council. (2012, June). National Prevention Council Action Plan. Implementing the national prevention strategy. Retrieved October 4, 2012 from http://www.healthcare.gov/prevention/nphpphc/2012-npc-action-plan.pdf.

Nyrop KA. (2011). Physician Perspectives on Fall Prevention in Assisted Living. J Am Med Dir Assoc. Jul;12(6):445-50. Retrieved October 19, 2023 from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21450213/.

Office of the Inspector General (OIG). (2023). Home Health Agencies Failed To Report Over Half of Falls With Major Injury and Hospitalization Among Their Medicare Patients. Issue Brief OEI-05-22-00290. Retrieved September 22, 2023 from https://oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/OEI-05-22-00290.pdf.

Office of the Inspector General (OIG). (2022). Long-Term Trends of Psychotropic Drug Use in Nursing Homes. Report in Brief, November 2022. Retrieved August 31, 2023 from https://oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/OEI-07-20-00500.pdf.

Palese A, Longhini J, Businarolo A, Piccin T, Pitacco G, Bicego L. (2021). Between Restrictive and Supportive Devices in the Context of Physical Restraints: Findings from a Large Mixed-Method Study Design. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 18(23):12764. Retrieved October 19, 2023 from https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312764.

Patient Safety Network. (2019). Falls. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Retrieved September 19, 2023 from https://psnet.ahrq.gov/primer/falls. 

Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. (1991). The timed “Up & Go”: A test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 39:142–48.

Resnick B and Boltz M. (2023). Patient Safety Net. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Failure to Ensure Patient Safety Leads to Patient Falls in Nursing Homes. Retrieved September 19, 2023 from https://psnet.ahrq.gov/web-mm/failure-ensure-patient-safety-leads-patient-falls-nursing-homes.

Sawka AM, Ismaila N, Cranney A, et al. (2010) A Scoping Review of Strategies for the Prevention of Hip Fracture in Elderly Nursing Home Residents. PLoS ONE 5(3): e9515. Retrieved October 18, 2023 from http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0009515#pone.0009515-Weller1.

Schmid AA, Wells CK, Concato J, et al. (2010). Prevalence, predictors, and outcomes of post-stroke falls in acute hospital setting. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 47(6). Retrieved September 21, 2023 from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20848368/.

Shumway-Cook A, Woollacott MH. (2016). Motor Control: Translating Research into Clinical Practice, 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins.

Shumway-Cook A, Brauer S, Woollacott M. (2000). Predicting the Probability for Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults Using the Timed Up & Go Test. Phys Ther. 80(9):896–903. Retrieved September 26, 2023 from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10960937/.

Simpson LA, Miller WC, Eng JJ. (2011). Effect of stroke on fall rate, location and predictors: A prospective comparison of older adults with and without stroke. PLoS ONE 6(4): e19431. Retrieved September 21, 2023 from http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0019431.

Staggs VS, Olds DM, Cramer E et al. (2016). Nursing Skill Mix, Nurse Staffing Level, and Physical Restraint Use in US Hospitals: a Longitudinal Study. J Gen Intern Med. Retrieved August 26, 2023 from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11606-016-3830-z. 

Strout TD. (2010). Perspectives on the experience of being physically restrained: An integrative review of the qualitative literature. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing 19,:416–27. Retrieved October 19, 2023 from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1447-0349.2010.00694.x/pdf.

Struksnes S, Bachrach-Lindström M, Hall-Lord ML, et al. (2011). The nursing staff’s opinion of falls among older persons with dementia. a cross-sectional study. BMC Nursing 10:13. Retrieved October 18, 2023 from http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6955/10/13.

Suzuki Y, Tsubaki T, Nakaya K, et al. (2023). New balance capability index as a screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. BMC Geriatr 23, 74. Retrieved October 19, 2023 from https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-03777-6.

Tinetti ME, Baker DI, King M, et al. (2008). Effect of Dissemination of Evidence in Reducing Injuries from Falls. N Engl J Med 359:252–61. Retrieved September 21, 2023 from http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0801748.

Tinetti ME, Baker DI, McAvay G, et al. (1994). A multifactorial intervention to reduce the risk of falling among elderly people living in the community. NEJM 331:821–27. Retrieved October 18, 2023 from http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199409293311301.

U.S. Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF). (2018). Interventions to Prevent Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. Retrieved September 15, 2023 from Doi:10.1001/jama.2018.3097.

van Rhyn B, Barwick A. (2019). Health Practitioners’ Perceptions of Falls and Fall Prevention in Older People: A Metasynthesis. Qualitative Health Research. 2019;29(1):69-79. Retrieved October 2, 2023 from doi:10.1177/1049732318805753.

Wagner LM, Scott, V, Silver M. (2011). Current Approaches to Fall Risk Assessment in Nursing Homes. Geriatric Nursing. Retrieved October 18, 2023 from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2011.02.003.

Young EH, Pan S, Yap AG, Reveles KR, Bhakta K. (2021) Polypharmacy prevalence in older adults seen in United States physician offices from 2009 to 2016. PLoS ONE 16(8): e0255642. Retrieved September 15, 2023 from https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255642

Zhang L-l, Dalal K, Yin M-m, et al. (2012). The KAP Evaluation of Intervention on Fall-Induced Injuries Among Elders in a Safe Community in Shanghai, China. PLoS ONE 7(3): e32848. Retrieved October 18, 2023 from http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0032848.